Last Week on Mars

An artist’s representation of MAVEN in orbit

Photo from lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/

As summer has officially come to a close, on the forefront of everyone’s mind is the snowy winter ahead of us. What I’d like you to think about today, however, is not a change in weather, but rather a change in climate – and not here on Earth. If you have been paying attention to the news this weekend, you might already be aware that NASA’s latest Mars orbiter, MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution), successfully reached its orbit just before 10:30 pm the evening of September 21, after 10 months of traveling through space. With global attempts at Mars missions beginning in 1960, the past 54 years have seen just under a 60% success rate. This includes fly-bys, orbiters, landers, rovers, and now, MAVEN. Why has so much time, effort, and money been put into learning about Mars when the success rate is so low? The simplest answer to this question is to determine whether Mars once did, can currently, or will ever support life - but it goes further than that.

Throughout all of the missions to Mars, many differences have been observed between our home planet and the red planet, yet many parallels can be drawn between the two. While the differences have been able to change the human perception of how planets work, the similarities have the potential to teach us more about our Earth. Does the past of Mars look anything like present day Earth? If so, how did Mars come to be what it is now? Could Earth be on a track towards the same fate? The MAVEN spacecraft is another installation in mankind’s search for knowledge about Mars. MAVEN’s primary goal is to help us understand the upper atmosphere and what controls it. During the mission, the spacecraft will dip low enough in its orbit to gather information where the lower and upper atmosphere meet - providing data from the whole upper atmosphere. Through an understanding of the upper atmosphere, we will be able to discern how it has changed and how those changes may have impacted the surface of Mars. In conjunction with the rovers on the surface of Mars (most notably Curiosity, which successfully landed in August of 2012), MAVEN will put us one step closer to being able to answer the questions listed above.

An Artist’s Representation of Mangalyaan

Photo from http://www.isro.org/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft

            In other news - just 3 days after MAVEN reached its orbit, another triumph was made in space exploration – India’s first interplanetary mission (another orbiter named Mangalyaan) successfully reached its orbit around Mars. About 50 years ago, the ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) was founded, marking the beginning of India’s space program. When looking at the history of missions to Mars, it is quite impressive that India’s first attempt at Mars exploration was a success – a feat that no other space program has been able to accomplish. What is even more impressive is how much the mission cost; according to an article posted on extremetech.com, the cost of Mangalyaan in US dollars is about $74 million. This is just about 11% of the cost of MAVEN, which rang in at around $672 million. Mangalyaan was primarily intended as a demonstration of the technology India has acquired as opposed to pursuing a specific research goal (like MAVEN). This accounts for the majority of the cost disparity between the two; however, the idea that a successful Mars mission could cost so little (when compared to previous missions) gives hope that a future of more cost effective space exploration is possible.

The MAVEN team at the launch site the day before launch

Photo from lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/

The importance of the missions to Mars isn’t limited to the knowledge gained, but encompasses the achievements of mankind. These projects take upwards of 10 years to come to fruition, with countless people working on them. Successful missions aid in the progress of science while simultaneously displaying how far we have come as a species. To be able to launch a spacecraft one night, knowing that 10 months later it will be orbiting Mars is something that was inconceivable just under 400 years ago when Dutch astronomer Christian Huygens discovered the planet.

For More Information about MAVEN visit lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/

For More Information about Mangalyaan visit isro.org

To learn more about the Mars missions visit mars.nasa.gov

And to learn about the people involved in MAVEN visit mars.nasa.gov/people/

Keely Criddle

JMuse/Physics & Astronomy Blogger 2014-2015

Our students dabble into science journalism!

With the new JMuse events aimed at Demystifying the Experts, who are, at least for this year, all scientists (an astronomer, a physicist, a chemist and a mathematician), and the ever increasing need to open communication between scientists and the rest of the world, we encouraged our students to try their hand at science writing.

Hence, we have a guest blogger for the year: Keely Criddle, who is a senior in our department, and can operate like a wiz the star ball of JMU’s John C. Wells Planetarium.

Keely's previous writing experience includes being one of the “Not-So-Closet Geeks” group who blogged book reviews while she was in high school, and her application for this position revealed that she is well aware of the skill set required for communicating science results to a wide audience. Her fingers are nimble too (after all, she has been a piano performance major at JMU before she saw the light and switched to physics).

With Keely on board, we are all looking forward to a rather regular abundance of science news that happen out there in the whole wide world, or right here at JMU.

Demystifying the Expert

There is a new show in town, and it’s having SCIENCE and COMEDY as the main protagonists!

JMU’s JMuse Cafe embraces a new format this year, at the nudge of two Physics & Astronomy faculty, Anca Constantin and Klebert Feitosa, and brings forward a novel way to stimulate the much needed dialogue between and among scientists and the public. With our “Demystifying the Expert” series of four up-beat, visually and socially appealing events where good-natured scholars trade barbs with comedians, all of us are bound to marvel at how much we can learn while laughing out loud.

The goal is to playfully explore interesting and unusual phenomena that science reveals, and their uses in modern life. All four events planned for the year will feature the JMU’s Improv’d Troupe trying to guess what our expert guest studies all day when they are not in the classroom teaching the science classes you all love (or don’t? and now you have the chance to really understand why or even change your mind about it).

It is planned to be a hilariously unique venture into the worlds of physicists, astronomers, mathematicians, chemists and the like.

It’s interactive!

It should be the Pick of the Day!

So mark your calendars! All events are scheduled on Thursdays at 6:30pm (doors 6:15):

*** Fall 2014
Oct. 2: astronomy, galaxies, black holes, X-rays
Nov. 6: plastic electronics, gold, physics of baseball

***Spring 2015
Jan. 29: mystery and calculus, hyper surfaces and evolution
Feb. 26: renewable energy, polymers, hybrids and performance

The Experts themselves are revealed close to the date of each event (see above the flyer announcing the first event for October 2), and especially during the event...

And we sure are going to blog about them all.

Fall Picnic

On Saturday (9.21) we had a beautiful day for the department picnic. In keeping with our way of looking at the world, we experimented with the venue. This fall, the picnic was held at the UPark athletic fields at the corner of Neff and Port Republic. The university provides a really large gas grill, covered picnic tables and a very nice artificial turf soccer field for the semi-annual faculty-student competition.

The chief cook, Gabriel Niculescu, provided us with delicious food and Costel Constantin made sure it was in ample supply. Lots of food, lots of fun.

A more complete set of photos can be found here.

The academic year begins

On Friday last, the department gathered to once again sit for our group portrait.

In the photo from left to right:

Front row: Steve Whisnant, Anca Constantin, Art Fovargue, Klebert Feitosa, Brian Utter, Geary Albright

Middle row: Harry Hu, Jason Haraldsen, Shanil Virani, Kim Emerson, Kevin Giovanetti, Sean Scully,  Milka Nikolic, Adriana Banu

Back row: Mark Mattson, Gabriel Niculescu, Herb Slade, Costel Constantin, Ioana Niculescu, Scott Paulson, Giovanna Scarel, Keigo Fukumura, Chris Hughes

Absent: Harold Butner


To start the year, we have 31 enrolled in Phys 105. Of these, four are upperclassmen transfers from other majors, so we have 27 freshmen starting out.  This is a bit smaller than last year, but still larger than our record graduating class of 25 back in May, thus we continue to maintain our size.

This year we put the finishing touches on the design of the Madison Radiation Laboratory. this should be done by early spring semester and then the work begins in remodeling the space. We expect to move in the summer of 2016.

The number of visitors to the John C. Wells Planetarium continue to grow by leaps and bounds with just shy of 25,000 visitors last year, we are already on track for yet another record year.

Summer Investigations in Theoretical/Computational Condensed Matter Physics

This summer has been an exciting time for JMU's Complex Materials Group. Charles (Brock) Crook and Greg Houchins joined Dr. Haraldsen (@nuclearbologna) for some exciting investigations into computational and theoretical physics. Brock has been working on understanding magnetic interactions between impurities in graphene and Boron Nitride, while Greg has been working to determine analytical representations for the inelastic neutron scattering excitation coefficients of symmetric and asymmetric magnetic dimer systems.

Overall, we will be presenting our findings at the JMU Summer Research Symposium (July 29th and 30th) and we are planning to submit these articles for peer-reviewed publication.

Superexchange Interactions of Magnetic Impurities in Graphene

Graphene is a wonderful material that has very interesting electronic properties and has possible technological advantages. To help investigate how magnetic infusion can help this material break into the arena of spintronics, Brock is using Atomistic Toolkit to perform complex density functional calculations on different magnetic impurities in a supercell of graphene with 128 atoms (below). We are investigating changes in the magnetic and electronic structure and interactions with different variations of configuration and ion.

A supercell of graphene with 2 magnetic impurities (above) in the "star destroyer" configuration.

This name came from the obvious resemblance to the Star Wars(R) spaceship (below).

Image via Disney(R)

Understanding the Ground State Excitations in General S1-S2 Dimeric Systems

Understanding the fundamental interactions between magnetic moments is critical for pushing the science of spintronics and magnetic switching devices forward. Therefore, Greg has been working on calculating the inelastic neutron scattering structure factors for various excitations in mixed valence dimeric systems (two interacting spins of S1 and S2). This will allow for better understanding of larger systems since they are built on the foundation of subgeometric magnetic clusters. Through an analysis of these systems, Greg has been able to determine an analytical representation that will help experiments characterize the magnetic systems by looking at the relative intensities between excitations.

Magnetic splitting of a spin-1 and spin 1/2 dimer.

Infrared power generation: UPDATES

This summer the Undergraduate Students Kyle Britton, Justin Kaczmar and Graham Gearhart joined Harkirat Mann and Brian Lang to do research with Dr. Scarel!  Kyle and Justin are working on the the angular dependence of infrared power generation, while Graham is studying the relationship between the output of the infrared source with time and the voltage produced by the device used to harvest infrared radiation.  In July, Harkirat and Brian went to the Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (TN) to perform experiments with a laser emitting in the near infrared region.  Recently, a new paper from the group was accepted: H.S. Mann,Y. Schwab, B.N. Lang, J.L. Lancaster, R.J. Parise, and G. Scarel, “Effective thermoelectric power generation in an insulated compartment.  World J. Cond. Matter Phys. Vol. 4 (3), (2014).

Here is a figure from the paper: in thermoelectric power generation, the voltage trends in time follow faithfully the trends of temperature difference in the same time interval!  Simple but not trivial: in infrared power generation this symmetry is broken down!